Ti-6Al-4V (L-PBF, HIP 926 °C + annealed 704 °C)

Ti-6Al-4V made by laser powder bed fusion, then hot isostatically pressed at 926 °C and annealed at 704 °C, is a fully post-processed condition of the printed alloy. As built, it has a fine martensitic microstructure, residual stress, some internal porosity and anisotropy between build directions. Pressing closes most internal pores and converts the martensite to a coarser alpha-beta structure, and the anneal stabilises it, improving ductility and fatigue resistance at some cost in strength. Surface roughness from the process remains, so fatigue-critical surfaces are usually machined or polished. Parts are used for aerospace structures and load-bearing medical hardware.