PbO

Lead oxide (PbO) is an inorganic ceramic compound that exists primarily in two crystal forms (tetragonal and orthorhombic) and serves as a key precursor and functional component in ceramic systems. It is widely used in lead-based glass formulations, glazes, and frits for tableware and decorative ceramics, where it lowers melting temperature and improves melt fluidity, and also finds application in specialized electrical ceramics and historical pigment production. Engineers select PbO-based systems for their ability to densify ceramics at lower firing temperatures and to modify optical and dielectric properties, though regulatory restrictions on lead content in consumer-facing applications have limited its adoption in modern product design in many regions.