Lead (Pb) is a soft, dense, bluish-gray metal with high density and low melting point, belonging to Group 14 of the periodic table. It is widely used in applications requiring radiation shielding, chemical corrosion resistance, and vibration damping, particularly in nuclear facilities, battery manufacturing, and construction. Engineers select lead for its exceptional density and ease of casting, though environmental and health regulations in many regions have driven substitution efforts in traditional applications like automotive batteries and plumbing solder.
Compliance & Regulations
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk Modulus(K)2 entries | 37.33 | GPa | — | ||
| ↳ | 42.57 | GPa | — | ||
Elastic Compliance Tensor(Sij) | Matrix (redacted) | 1/GPa | — | ||
Compressive Strength(σc) | 175.0 | kPa | — | ||
Elastic Anisotropy(AU) | 1.040 | - | — | ||
Elastic Stiffness Tensor(Cij) | Matrix (redacted) | Pa | — | ||
Elongation at Break(εf) | 117.7 | - | — | ||
Flexural Strength (MOR)(σf) | 24.85 | MPa | — | ||
Hardness (Vickers)(HV) | 121.1 | HV | — | ||
Poisson's Ratio(ν)2 entries | 0.3491 | - | — | ||
| ↳ | 0.3900 | - | — | ||
Shear Modulus(G)2 entries | 12.53 | GPa | — | ||
| ↳ | 11.62 | GPa | — | ||
Ultimate Tensile Strength(σUTS) | 24.89 | MPa | — | ||
Young's Modulus(E) | 608.7 | MPa | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glass Transition Temperature(Tg) | 228.9 | K | — | ||
Melting Point / Solidus(Tm) | 391.3 | K | — | ||
Maximum Service Temperature(Tmax) | 621.1 | K | — | ||
Thermal Conductivity(k) | 0.8250 | W/(m·K) | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density(ρ) | 10.92 | kg/m³ | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band Gap(Eg)2 entries | 1.903 | eV | — | ||
| ↳ | 0.000 | eV | — | ||
Magnetic Moment(μB) | 0.000 | µB | — | ||
Seebeck Coefficient(S) | -2.560 | µV/K | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Above Hull(ΔEhull) | 0.000 | eV/atom | — | ||
Formation Energy(ΔHf) | 0.000 | eV/atom | — | ||
Refractive Index(n) | 1.510 | - | — |