Copper is a transition metal prized for its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and ease of forming. It is one of the most widely used metals in electrical infrastructure, plumbing, heat exchangers, and electronics, chosen when efficient current or heat transfer is essential and the cost of alternatives like silver cannot be justified. Engineers specify copper for applications where both conductivity and mechanical workability are critical, and where its reddish color and antimicrobial properties provide added functional or aesthetic value.
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| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk Modulus(K)2 entries | 141.4 | GPa | DFT · OptB88vdW | ||
| ↳ | 136.2 | GPa | DFT · PBE | ||
Elastic Compliance Tensor(Sij) | Matrix (redacted) | 1/GPa | DFT · PBE | ||
Elastic Anisotropy(AU) | 8.858 | - | DFT · PBE | ||
Elastic Stiffness Tensor(Cij) | Matrix (redacted) | Pa | DFT · PBE | ||
Poisson's Ratio(ν)2 entries | 0.3500 | - | DFT · OptB88vdW | ||
| ↳ | 0.3938 | - | DFT · PBE | ||
Shear Modulus(G)2 entries | 53.94 | GPa | DFT · OptB88vdW | ||
| ↳ | 31.15 | GPa | DFT · PBE |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density(ρ) | 8.852 | kg/m³ | DFT · OptB88vdW |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band Gap(Eg)2 entries | 0.000 | eV | DFT · OptB88vdW | ||
| ↳ | 0.000 | eV | DFT · TBmBJ | ||
Magnetic Moment(μB) | 0.000 | µB | DFT · OptB88vdW | ||
Thermoelectric Power Factor(PF)2 entries | 0.000348 | W/(m·K²) | DFT · OptB88vdW · n-type · 1e20 cm⁻³ · 327°C | ||
| ↳ | 0.000348 | W/(m·K²) | DFT · OptB88vdW · p-type · 1e20 cm⁻³ · 327°C | ||
Seebeck Coefficient(S)2 entries | -4.530 | μV/K | DFT · OptB88vdW · n-type · 1e20 cm⁻³ · 327°C | ||
| ↳ | -4.540 | μV/K | DFT · OptB88vdW · p-type · 1e20 cm⁻³ · 327°C |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Above Hull(ΔEhull) | 0.000 | eV/atom | DFT · OptB88vdW | ||
Formation Energy(ΔHf) | 0.000 | eV/atom | DFT · OptB88vdW |
Reference data from cited sources. Not verified or certified by MatWorld Inc. Verify against the source before use in design. Terms: engineering data