Bismuth (Bi) is a brittle post-transition metal with a crystalline rhombohedral structure, notable for its low toxicity compared to other heavy metals and its unusual diamagnetic properties. It appears in applications ranging from pharmaceuticals and cosmetics to electronics and nuclear reactor control systems, where it serves as a non-toxic replacement for lead in solders, alloys, and fusible elements. Engineers select bismuth for applications requiring low melting point alloys, radiation shielding, or where lead restrictions (RoHS compliance) necessitate an alternative, though its brittleness limits structural load-bearing roles.
Compliance & Regulations
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk Modulus(K)2 entries | 29.51 | GPa | — | ||
| ↳ | 34.48 | GPa | — | ||
Elastic Compliance Tensor(Sij) | Matrix (redacted) | 1/GPa | — | ||
Elastic Anisotropy(AU) | 2.465 | - | — | ||
Elastic Stiffness Tensor(Cij) | Matrix (redacted) | Pa | — | ||
Exfoliation Energy(Eexf) | 265.6 | meV/atom | — | ||
Poisson's Ratio(ν)2 entries | 0.3067 | - | — | ||
| ↳ | 0.3300 | - | — | ||
Shear Modulus(G)2 entries | 13.10 | GPa | — | ||
| ↳ | 14.35 | GPa | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density(ρ) | 10.61 | kg/m³ | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band Gap(Eg) | 0.000 | eV | — | ||
Magnetic Moment(μB) | 0.000 | µB | — | ||
Seebeck Coefficient(S) | -3.017 | µV/K | — |
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Above Hull(ΔEhull) | 0.000 | eV/atom | — | ||
Formation Energy(ΔHf) | 0.08227 | eV/atom | — |