24,657 materials
A cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel with ~15% chromium and elevated carbon content, designed to achieve high hardness and wear resistance through martensitic transformation and precipitation hardening. This variant is typically used in demanding applications requiring superior edge retention and fatigue strength, where corrosion resistance must be balanced with extreme mechanical performance—such as high-speed cutting tools, specialized valve components, and aerospace fasteners operating under cyclic loading.
A high-carbon martensitic stainless steel strengthened by cobalt and molybdenum additions, with controlled vanadium and aluminum content to refine carbide structure and support precipitation hardening. This composition variant represents an advanced martensitic stainless optimized for applications demanding both high strength and corrosion resistance, bridging the capabilities of conventional 15Cr martensitic grades (like 420) and premium tool steel performance. Typical applications include high-performance cutting tools, aerospace fasteners, and industrial pump impellers where corrosion resistance cannot be sacrificed for strength—making it a preferred alternative to austenitic stainless in load-bearing roles or to unalloyed martensitic stainless in corrosive environments.
This is a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel with elevated cobalt, vanadium, and molybdenum additions, designed to achieve very high hardness and strength through precipitation hardening and martensitic transformation. Typical applications include precision cutting tools, surgical instruments, and wear-resistant components where corrosion resistance must be balanced with extreme hardness; the cobalt and vanadium additions enhance hardness and wear resistance compared to conventional martensitic stainless grades, making it competitive with premium tool steels in demanding cutting and medical device applications.
This is a martensitic stainless steel with 15% chromium, elevated carbon content (~1.16%), and molybdenum alloying, formulated for high hardness and wear resistance. Typical applications include tool steels, precision cutting instruments, and wear-resistant pump components where corrosion resistance must be balanced against the need for exceptional hardness and edge retention. The cobalt addition (~13%) is notable and suggests potential aerospace or high-temperature applications, setting this variant apart from standard 15Cr martensitic grades by enhancing toughness and thermal fatigue resistance in demanding environments.
15Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (variant 8) is a high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel designed for demanding applications requiring exceptional hardness and wear resistance combined with corrosion resistance. The elevated carbon content (~0.97%) and cobalt alloying (~13%) produce a material suitable for precision tooling, cutlery, and high-performance applications where both edge retention and corrosion resistance are critical; engineers select this grade over standard martensitic stainless steels or tool steels when the combination of hardness, toughness, and stainless properties cannot be compromised. The molybdenum and nickel additions provide additional hardenability and toughness, making this variant well-suited to components that experience cyclic loading or require fine dimensional tolerance after hardening.
15Cr martensitic stainless steel is a chromium-hardened iron alloy with cobalt and molybdenum additions, designed to achieve high strength through martensitic hardening while maintaining corrosion resistance typical of stainless steels. This grade is used in demanding applications where both wear resistance and corrosion protection are critical, such as high-performance cutting tools, turbine components, and aerospace fasteners that must withstand aggressive environments. The cobalt addition distinguishes this variant from standard 15Cr martensitic grades, improving high-temperature strength and red hardness—making it preferred over lower-alloy alternatives in applications involving elevated thermal cycling or sustained loads.
15Ni-15Co-1.9Mo-0.8Ti is a nickel-cobalt maraging steel, a precipitation-hardened iron-based alloy designed to achieve ultra-high strength with reasonable toughness through aging heat treatment rather than carbon hardening. This alloy is used primarily in aerospace and defense applications where extreme strength-to-weight performance is critical, including aircraft landing gear, missile components, and high-pressure vessels; maraging steels like this composition are preferred over conventional high-strength steels because they combine excellent damage tolerance with minimal distortion during heat treatment, making them ideal for large structural components that cannot tolerate significant warping or cracking.
15Ni-15Co-3.1Mo is a maraging steel—a high-strength, low-carbon iron alloy strengthened by precipitation hardening rather than carbon content, making it exceptionally tough and weldable compared to conventional high-strength steels. This grade is used in aerospace structures, tooling, and demanding mechanical components where a combination of high strength, fracture toughness, and dimensional stability after heat treatment is critical. Engineers select maraging steels when conventional hardened alloy steels would be too brittle, when welding without embrittlement is essential, or when tight dimensional tolerances must be maintained through the hardening cycle.
15Ni-15Co-3.6Mo-0.8Ti is a nickel-cobalt maraging steel, a precipitation-hardened iron-based superalloy designed to achieve ultrahigh strength through controlled aging rather than carbon content. Maraging steels are used in aerospace, defense, and tooling applications where exceptional strength-to-weight ratios and fracture toughness are critical—particularly in rocket motor cases, landing gear, and high-performance dies. This composition is notable for combining cobalt and molybdenum hardening elements with minimal carbon, enabling excellent damage tolerance and weldability compared to conventional high-strength steels, making it the preferred choice for structures that must absorb impact while maintaining dimensional stability under extreme loads.
15Ni-8Co-2.9Mo-0.8Ti is a high-strength maraging steel designed for applications demanding exceptional strength combined with good toughness and damage tolerance. The nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum additions enable precipitation hardening during aging, while the low carbon content minimizes brittleness—making this alloy particularly valuable in aerospace and defense where weight savings and reliability are critical. Engineers select maraging steels over conventional ultra-high-strength steels when fracture toughness and fatigue resistance must be maintained at very high strength levels.
15Ni-9Co-3.0Mo-0.8Ti is a high-strength maraging steel—an iron-nickel age-hardenable alloy designed for applications demanding exceptional strength-to-weight ratios and fracture toughness without brittleness. This specific composition (18% grade class) is hardened through precipitation of intermetallic phases during aging rather than carbon content, making it machinable in the annealed state yet capable of achieving very high strength levels. Industries rely on maraging steels where weight savings and damage tolerance are critical, particularly in aerospace structures, tooling, and high-performance applications where conventional high-carbon steels would be too brittle or difficult to machine.
This is a nickel-cobalt maraging steel, a precipitation-hardening iron-based superalloy engineered to achieve exceptional strength through controlled aging heat treatment rather than conventional work hardening. The high nickel (15%), cobalt (9%), and molybdenum (3%) content, combined with titanium and aluminum for precipitation strengthening, makes this variant suited to demanding applications requiring a combination of high strength and fracture toughness in relatively thick sections. Maraging steels are preferred over conventional high-strength alloys in aerospace and precision manufacturing where weight savings from material efficiency and damage tolerance are critical, and where the material's clean, ductile microstructure resists brittle failure better than conventional quenched-and-tempered steels.
15Ni-9Co-3.0Mo-0.8Ti maraging steel (variant 3) is an iron-nickel-cobalt precipitation-hardened alloy designed to achieve exceptional strength through aging heat treatment rather than carbon hardening, enabling a combination of high strength with usable toughness and ductility. This grade is employed in aerospace structures, high-performance tooling, and defense applications where weight savings and damage tolerance are critical—notably in missile casings, aircraft landing gear components, and precision injection molds where both extreme strength and resistance to brittle failure are non-negotiable. Engineers select maraging steels over conventional high-strength steels when fatigue resistance, weldability, and dimensional stability during hardening are as important as raw strength, making them the material of choice for safety-critical load paths in demanding environments.
15Ni-9Co-3.0Mo maraging steel is an iron-based superalloy strengthened through precipitation hardening of intermetallic phases (notably Ni₃Mo), rather than carbon content, enabling a combination of very high strength with good toughness and damage tolerance. It is widely used in aerospace and defense applications—particularly in rocket motor cases, landing gear, and fasteners—where the alloy's ability to maintain strength at elevated temperatures combined with excellent fracture toughness and low distortion during heat treatment outweighs the cost premium versus conventional steels. Engineers select this material when weight reduction and structural reliability are critical and fatigue or impact resistance cannot be compromised.
15Ni-9Co-3.0Mo maraging steel is an iron-nickel age-hardening alloy strengthened through precipitation of intermetallic phases rather than carbon, enabling an unusually favorable combination of very high strength with good toughness and ductility. This variant is employed in aerospace, defense, and precision tooling applications where components must withstand extreme loads while maintaining dimensional stability and resistance to brittle failure—such as landing gear, rocket motor cases, and high-performance dies—and is preferred over conventional quenched-and-tempered steels when weight reduction and damage tolerance are critical design drivers.
This is a high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel with significant cobalt addition (17%), designed to combine extreme hardness with wear resistance and moderate toughness. The composition—dominated by 9.7% Cr, 1.62% C, and notable Mo and V additions—places it in the premium tool steel family, typically used where cutting edge retention and thermal resistance are critical. This material finds application in precision cutting tools, dies, and gauges where the cobalt content provides enhanced red hardness (strength at elevated temperatures), making it particularly valuable for high-speed machining operations and demanding industrial cutting applications.
16Cr-4Ni is a duplex stainless steel combining austenitic and ferritic microstructures, engineered for high strength with moderate corrosion resistance through its chromium and nickel balance. The alloy is used in structural and mechanical applications where a blend of strength and workability is required, particularly in moderately corrosive environments where full austenitic stainless steels may be overspecified. Its duplex phase balance offers improved resistance to stress-corrosion cracking compared to single-phase austenitic grades, making it a practical choice for cost-sensitive applications in chemical processing, pressure vessels, and marine infrastructure.
16Cr-4Ni duplex stainless steel is a two-phase ferritic-austenitic stainless alloy that combines moderate chromium content with cobalt and silicon additions, positioning it as a specialized variant within the duplex family. This composition—notably enriched with ~6.85% cobalt and elevated silicon—suggests engineering for enhanced strength and wear resistance, likely in demanding environments where corrosion resistance and mechanical performance must be balanced. The alloy targets applications requiring superior hardness and fatigue resistance compared to conventional austenitic stainless steels, particularly in moderately corrosive industrial settings where premium cost is justified by performance gains.
16Cr-4Ni duplex stainless steel is a ferritic-austenitic two-phase stainless steel combining moderate chromium content with nickel and significant silicon and cobalt alloying; the cobalt addition (5.5%) is unusual for conventional duplex grades and suggests enhanced hardness or specialized strengthening. This material variant bridges standard duplex stainless properties with modified phase balance, making it suitable for applications requiring improved wear resistance or elevated-temperature strength where traditional duplex alloys fall short. The dual-phase microstructure provides corrosion resistance typical of stainless steels while maintaining ferromagnetic character and higher strength than austenitic-only grades.
16Cr-4Ni duplex stainless steel is a lean duplex stainless steel combining a dual-phase microstructure of austenite and ferrite to achieve high strength with moderate corrosion resistance at lower nickel and molybdenum content than standard duplex grades. It is used in moderately corrosive environments where weight savings, cost control, and fabricability are important—such as structural components in chemical processing, desalination plants, and offshore pipelines—and offers a practical middle ground between conventional austenitic stainless steels and higher-alloyed duplex grades for applications that do not demand extreme pitting or stress-corrosion resistance.
16Cr-7Ni is an austenitic stainless steel engineered with elevated carbon and aluminum content, plus molybdenum addition, to achieve high strength and hardness while maintaining austenitic stability. This material targets high-performance applications where both corrosion resistance and wear resistance are critical, positioning it as an alternative to standard 300-series stainless steels (like 304/316) in demanding environments. It is notably used in aerospace, automotive, and oil & gas sectors where components experience corrosive, abrasive, or elevated-temperature conditions that would degrade conventional austenitic grades.
A high-carbon martensitic stainless steel (16% Cr base) heavily alloyed with cobalt (~13%), molybdenum, and vanadium, designed for extreme hardness and wear resistance through precipitation hardening. This is a premium tool steel or specialty high-performance stainless, used where conventional martensitic stainless grades cannot deliver the required hardness, edge retention, or corrosion resistance simultaneously—notably in demanding cutting, stamping, and high-stress applications that require both toughness and corrosion protection.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (variant 10) is a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel enhanced with cobalt, molybdenum, vanadium, and nitrogen to achieve exceptional strength and hardness while maintaining corrosion resistance. This specialty variant combines the wear resistance and hardness typical of martensitic stainless steels with improved toughness through deliberate alloying, making it suitable for demanding applications requiring both strength and environmental resistance. The cobalt and molybdenum additions enhance strength at temperature, while nitrogen strengthens the matrix without significant brittleness penalty.
A high-carbon martensitic stainless steel (nominally 16% Cr) with significant cobalt and molybdenum additions, designed to achieve very high hardness and strength through martensitic transformation and precipitation hardening. This composition—particularly the elevated carbon (0.75%), cobalt (13%), and molybdenum (3%) content—targets extreme wear and corrosion resistance in demanding aerospace and industrial applications where conventional stainless steels fall short. The addition of aluminum and nitrogen further refines the microstructure, making this variant valuable for components that must endure both mechanical fatigue and corrosive environments simultaneously.
A cobalt-reinforced martensitic stainless steel with elevated carbon and molybdenum content, designed to achieve high strength through hardening. This is a specialized variant (designated var. 12) formulated for applications demanding both corrosion resistance and exceptional hardness, with cobalt additions enhancing strength and wear resistance at elevated temperatures.
A high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel with elevated chromium and molybdenum content, designed to achieve exceptional hardness and wear resistance through precipitation hardening. This material combines corrosion resistance typical of stainless steels with the strength and hardness characteristics of tool steels, making it suitable for demanding applications where both durability and corrosion protection are critical. The high carbon content and vanadium addition promote fine carbide formation, while cobalt enhances strength at elevated temperatures—a combination that distinguishes it from conventional 13% Cr martensitic grades used in pumps and valves.
A high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel with significant molybdenum and vanadium additions, designed to achieve very high hardness and strength while maintaining stainless corrosion resistance. This is a specialty tool steel variant optimized for applications requiring exceptional wear resistance and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures, commonly found in precision cutting tools, gauges, and demanding industrial components where both hardness and corrosion resistance are critical. The elevated cobalt content (11.2%) and vanadium contribution distinguish this from standard 16Cr martensitic grades, making it a premium choice for applications where tool life and reliability justify the material cost.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless (var. 15) is a high-carbon, precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel alloyed with cobalt, molybdenum, and vanadium for exceptional hardness and wear resistance. This material is engineered for demanding applications requiring both corrosion resistance and extreme strength, typically found in aerospace turbine components, high-performance cutting tools, and precision bearing races where conventional martensitic stainless steels cannot meet performance thresholds. The cobalt addition and elevated carbon content distinguish this variant as a premium choice when superior edge retention, fatigue resistance, and oxidation resistance must be balanced—though it sacrifices some toughness and machinability compared to lower-carbon martensitic grades.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless (var. 16) is a high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel formulated with molybdenum, vanadium, and aluminum additions to achieve exceptional hardness and strength through precipitation hardening. This material is designed for high-performance applications requiring superior wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and load-bearing capacity, making it competitive with premium tool steels and specialty superalloys. It is particularly suited to demanding aerospace, precision tooling, and high-stress structural applications where the combination of stainless corrosion protection and extreme strength is critical.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless (var. 17) is a high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel with elevated vanadium and molybdenum additions designed for extreme hardness and wear resistance. This composition—featuring ~16% chromium, ~13% cobalt, and significant interstitial carbon and nitrogen—targets applications demanding superior strength and corrosion resistance in severely abraded or high-stress environments. It represents a specialty variant optimized for tool steels and precision components where conventional martensitic stainless grades sacrifice either toughness or hardness.
A high-carbon martensitic stainless steel (≈16% Cr) strengthened by significant vanadium, molybdenum, and cobalt additions, designed for applications demanding both corrosion resistance and extreme hardness. This composition—with nearly 1% carbon and substantial interstitial strengtheners—represents a premium tool steel variant positioned between conventional martensitic stainless steels and cobalt-hardened high-speed steels, offering superior wear resistance and edge retention compared to lower-carbon martensitic grades. Industrial adoption focuses on precision cutting tools, gauges, and wear-critical components in aerospace and manufacturing where corrosion resistance cannot be sacrificed for performance.
A carbon-rich 16% chromium martensitic stainless steel heavily alloyed with cobalt (12.8%), molybdenum, and vanadium, designed to achieve exceptional hardness and wear resistance through martensitic strengthening and carbide precipitation. This variant is used in precision cutting tools, dies, and high-wear applications where stainless corrosion resistance must be combined with extreme hardness; the high carbon and cobalt content distinguish it from conventional 420/440 martensitic grades, positioning it for demanding aerospace, medical device, and tooling environments where both corrosion protection and abrasion resistance are critical.
A precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel enhanced with cobalt, molybdenum, vanadium, and nitrogen to achieve high strength and hardness in the hardened condition. This composition represents a specialty variant designed for applications demanding exceptional strength-to-weight performance while maintaining corrosion resistance typical of 16% chromium martensitic grades. Commonly encountered in aerospace fasteners, landing gear components, and high-performance mechanical systems where the combination of hardness, fatigue resistance, and modest ductility meets design requirements for reliability under cyclic and impact loading.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (variant 4) is a high-carbon, cobalt-reinforced martensitic stainless steel engineered for extreme hardness and wear resistance through precipitation hardening. The elevated carbon content (0.8%), vanadium, molybdenum, and significant cobalt addition (13.1%) create a material optimized for applications demanding superior strength and edge retention, positioning it between conventional tool steels and premium stainless grades. This composition suggests a specialized tool or wear-resistant application steel, chosen where corrosion resistance must coexist with the hardness and toughness typically reserved for non-stainless martensitic alloys.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (variant 5) is a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel strengthened by cobalt, molybdenum, vanadium, and nitrogen additions, designed to achieve very high strength while maintaining corrosion resistance typical of chromium stainless steels. This material variant is employed in demanding aerospace, defense, and high-performance industrial applications where extreme strength-to-weight ratios and corrosion resistance must be balanced—such as landing gear components, turbine engine casings, and hydraulic systems. The addition of cobalt and vanadium (compared to standard 13Cr martensitic grades) enables this variant to deliver superior strength and fatigue resistance, making it preferable to lower-strength stainless or carbon steel alternatives when component weight and durability are critical concerns.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (var. 6) is a high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel alloyed with molybdenum and vanadium for exceptional hardness and wear resistance. This material is engineered for demanding applications requiring both corrosion resistance and extreme strength, particularly in tooling, high-performance cutting applications, and specialized industrial components where standard martensitic grades fall short. The elevated cobalt and carbon content, combined with molybdenum and vanadium carbide formers, make this variant notable for applications demanding superior edge retention and fatigue performance in corrosive or high-stress environments.
16Cr martensitic stainless steel (variant 7) is a high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened stainless alloy designed for extreme hardness and wear resistance. The elevated carbon (0.75%), vanadium (0.53%), and significant cobalt (14.9%) content—combined with molybdenum and nitrogen—create a material engineered for demanding applications requiring superior edge retention and resistance to abrasion. This composition family is selected when conventional martensitic stainless steels cannot meet hardness or fatigue performance thresholds, particularly in precision tooling, high-stress structural components, and aerospace applications where corrosion resistance cannot be sacrificed for strength.
16Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (variant 8) is a high-carbon, cobalt-molybdenum-reinforced martensitic stainless steel engineered for extreme hardness and wear resistance. The elevated carbon, vanadium, and cobalt additions—combined with controlled chromium and molybdenum content—create a material designed for demanding cutting, stamping, and high-stress applications where corrosion resistance must be balanced with very high strength. This composition sits in the high-performance tool steel family, favored in aerospace, industrial tooling, and precision manufacturing where traditional stainless grades lack sufficient hardness.
A high-carbon, cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel with elevated vanadium and molybdenum alloying, designed to achieve very high hardness and strength through precipitation and secondary hardening mechanisms. This steel is used in demanding wear and fatigue-resistant applications where corrosion resistance must be balanced against extreme mechanical loading, such as bearing races, turbine components, and tooling that operates in mildly corrosive or high-temperature environments. The cobalt addition (12.8%) is particularly significant, pushing this variant toward the properties and applications more typical of premium tool steels and aerospace-grade martensitic stainless alloys, making it attractive where conventional 13-17% Cr martensitic stainless steels fall short in strength or wear resistance.
16Ni-7Co maraging steel is an iron-nickel-cobalt age-hardening alloy engineered to achieve ultra-high strength through precipitation hardening rather than carbon content, making it exceptionally strong yet tough and weldable. Used primarily in aerospace, defense, and precision tooling applications where weight reduction and extreme strength are critical, this material excels in environments requiring both high performance and fabrication flexibility—notably in missile casings, landing gear components, and high-strength fasteners where conventional high-carbon steels would be brittle. Its combination of hardness, fracture toughness, and machinability makes it a preferred alternative to conventional tool steels and superalloys when weight and damage tolerance matter as much as ultimate strength.
17-4PH Stainless Steel in the F (as-fabricated) condition is a precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steel used primarily in aerospace and defense applications for components requiring high strength and corrosion resistance. The F condition represents the material in its initial state following fabrication but prior to precipitation hardening heat treatment, offering lower strength and hardness compared to the H900/H1025 aged conditions, with moderate toughness suitable for machining and forming operations.
17-4PH stainless steel in the Sta (stress-relieved annealed) condition is a precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steel providing moderate strength with improved toughness and ductility, typically used in aerospace and defense applications requiring good corrosion resistance and machinability. This condition offers a balance between strength retention and dimensional stability for parts requiring stress relief after machining or forming.
This is a high-carbon tool steel heavily alloyed with chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, and cobalt—a composition typical of premium die steels and high-speed cutting tool alloys. The high carbon content (1.76%) combined with substantial chromium (7.8%) and molybdenum (2.2%) provides excellent hardness and wear resistance, while vanadium (1.1%) and cobalt (4.63%) enhance toughness and hot hardness. This material is found in demanding applications requiring superior edge retention and dimensional stability under thermal and mechanical stress, particularly where tool life and precision are critical economic factors; it competes with standard tool steels by offering enhanced performance in high-temperature or high-wear environments at the cost of reduced toughness and machinability.
This is a high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel containing significant additions of vanadium, tungsten, and cobalt—a composition typical of premium cutting tool and die steels designed for extreme hardness and wear resistance. The material is commonly used in precision metal-cutting tools, industrial dies, and stamping applications where edge retention and resistance to thermal cycling are critical. Engineers select this grade over standard tool steels when maximum hardness, superior abrasion resistance, and extended tool life justify the cost, particularly in high-speed or high-volume manufacturing environments where tool replacement frequency must be minimized.
17.6Ni-1.8Mo is a precipitation-hardening low-alloy steel engineered for high-strength applications requiring excellent toughness and fatigue resistance. The high nickel content (17.6%) combined with molybdenum and titanium creates a martensitic matrix capable of age hardening, making it suitable for demanding structural and mechanical components that must withstand cyclic loading and impact without brittleness. This steel family is primarily used in aerospace, defense, and high-performance industrial equipment where weight reduction and reliability are critical—engineers select it over conventional carbon steels when applications demand the strength-to-weight ratio and fracture toughness that precipitation hardening provides.
17-7PH (17% Cr, 7% Ni, precipitation-hardening stainless steel) is a martensitic PH stainless used in aerospace and defense applications requiring high strength and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures; the STA (solution-treated and aged) condition provides yield strengths in the 1200–1500 MPa range with good fatigue resistance and ductility suitable for springs, fasteners, and structural components operating to approximately 480°C.
A high-carbon tool steel containing substantial chromium (8.0%) and molybdenum (3.4%) alloying elements, designed to achieve exceptional hardness and wear resistance through heat treatment. This composition—with ~1.78% carbon and significant cobalt addition (~4.66%)—positions it in the premium tool steel family, engineered for applications demanding extreme hardness, dimensional stability, and edge retention under demanding conditions. Compared to conventional tool steels, the molybdenum and chromium combination enhances toughness and corrosion resistance while maintaining the high hardness needed for cutting, forming, and gauging operations.
17Cr-4Ni is a martensitic stainless steel characterized by moderate chromium content (17%), elevated cobalt (~8.5%), and significant silicon (~3.6%), which together promote high strength and hardness through precipitation hardening and martensitic transformation. This alloy is primarily used in demanding aerospace, defense, and tooling applications where high strength combined with corrosion resistance is required, and its cobalt addition distinguishes it from standard martensitic stainless steels by enhancing strength and thermal stability. The material competes with 17-4 PH and 15-5 PH variants in applications requiring a balance of machinability, strength, and environmental durability without the full cost of superalloys.
17Cr-4Ni duplex stainless steel is a two-phase ferritic-austenitic stainless alloy designed to balance corrosion resistance with mechanical strength, offering superior performance compared to conventional austenitic or ferritic grades alone. This variant is employed in moderately aggressive corrosive environments—particularly in chemical processing, desalination plants, and offshore subsea applications—where resistance to pitting and stress-corrosion cracking is critical and weight/cost savings over super-duplex grades are acceptable trade-offs. Engineers select this grade when standard 300-series austenitic stainless proves insufficient against chloride attack, yet the higher alloying costs of super-duplex materials are unjustified.
17Cr-5Ni duplex stainless steel is a two-phase ferritic-austenitic stainless alloy that combines moderate chromium content with balanced nickel addition and significant aluminum and cobalt alloying for enhanced strength and hardness. This composition targets applications requiring good corrosion resistance alongside elevated strength, particularly in moderately aggressive environments where standard austenitic stainless steels may be over-specified or where weight and hardness matter. The duplex microstructure and secondary hardening elements (aluminum, cobalt, vanadium) suggest use in applications demanding higher yield strength than conventional duplex grades, though the relatively modest nickel and chromium levels position it below high-end duplex or super-duplex materials in corrosion resistance rankings.
A cobalt-strengthened martensitic stainless steel with ~17% chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium additions designed for ultra-high-strength applications requiring corrosion resistance. This composition—particularly the cobalt content (~13%) and elevated carbon/nitrogen—suggests a premium tool steel or aerospace-grade alloy engineered to combine hardness and wear resistance with stainless properties, positioning it between conventional martensitic stainless steels (like 440C) and cobalt-bearing superalloys. The material is used in demanding environments where both mechanical strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance are critical, such as cutting tools, aerospace fasteners, and high-performance bearings, offering superior performance compared to standard martensitic grades in high-temperature or chemically aggressive settings.
17Ni-11Co-2.5Mo-1.8Ti is a precipitation-hardening maraging steel engineered to achieve ultra-high strength through controlled aging of a martensitic matrix, with nickel and cobalt as primary strengthening elements supported by molybdenum and titanium. This alloy is employed in aerospace and defense applications demanding exceptional strength-to-weight ratios with minimal toughness loss, including landing gear, rocket motor cases, and structural components in hypersonic vehicles. Engineers select maraging steel over conventional high-strength steels when they need excellent fracture toughness at extreme strength levels, superior fatigue resistance, and reliable performance after extended service in critical load paths.
17Ni-12Co-2.3Mo-1.8Ti is a precipitation-hardening maraging steel engineered for ultra-high strength with controlled toughness, relying on intermetallic phase formation (rather than carbon) to achieve its strength profile. This composition is used in aerospace structures, high-performance tooling, and precision instrumentation where weight savings and fatigue resistance are critical; it is particularly valued over conventional steels because it combines exceptionally high strength with better fracture toughness and weldability due to its very low carbon content, making it suitable for thick-section applications that would become brittle in carbon-hardened alloys.
17Ni-12Co-2.4Mo-1.9Ti is an ultra-high-strength maraging steel engineered for extreme performance applications where weight savings and damage tolerance are critical. The high nickel and cobalt content, combined with molybdenum and titanium strengthening elements, enables this alloy to achieve exceptional strength levels while maintaining fracture toughness and dimensional stability—characteristics that distinguish it from conventional structural steels and competing superalloys. This grade is favored in aerospace, defense, and precision tooling industries where the combination of high strength-to-weight ratio, low distortion during heat treatment, and excellent fatigue resistance justify its premium cost.
17Ni-12Co-2.4Mo-2.1Ti is a precipitation-hardened maraging steel engineered for extreme strength with controlled ductility. The high nickel and cobalt content, combined with molybdenum and titanium, enables age-hardening to achieve exceptional strength-to-weight ratios while maintaining reasonable toughness—a combination that makes it superior to conventional high-strength steels in demanding aerospace and defense applications where weight reduction is critical without sacrificing structural reliability.
17Ni-15Co-2.4Mo-1.8Ti is a precipitation-hardening maraging steel engineered for ultra-high strength with excellent toughness and fatigue resistance. The high nickel and cobalt content, combined with molybdenum and titanium additions, enables age-hardening to achieve exceptional strength levels while maintaining sufficient ductility for structural integrity. This grade is selected over conventional steels and aluminum alloys in aerospace and defense applications where weight savings, damage tolerance, and reliability under extreme loading are critical—particularly where traditional high-strength steels would be too brittle or where aluminum lacks adequate strength margins.
17Ni-8Co-2.9Mo-0.8Ti is a precipitation-hardening maraging steel engineered for ultra-high strength with retained toughness and ductility. The nickel-cobalt-molybdenum-titanium composition enables age-hardening to develop exceptional strength levels while maintaining fracture resistance, making it suitable for critical structural applications where weight savings and reliability are paramount.
17Ni-8Co-3.0Mo-1.8Ti is an ultra-high-strength maraging steel engineered through age-hardening precipitation of intermetallic phases rather than carbon-based hardening, enabling it to achieve exceptional strength with minimal brittleness. Widely adopted in aerospace and defense applications—particularly for critical structural components, landing gear, rocket motor casings, and aircraft fasteners—this alloy is chosen when weight reduction and damage tolerance are as important as absolute strength, offering superior toughness compared to conventional heat-treated steels at comparable strength levels.
17Ni-8Co maraging steel is a precipitation-hardened iron-nickel alloy engineered for ultra-high strength with retained toughness, achieved through aging heat treatment of a low-carbon martensitic matrix. This material is primarily used in aerospace and defense applications where weight savings and exceptional strength-to-weight ratio are critical, including missile casings, aircraft landing gear, and rocket motor cases; it is also employed in tooling and die applications where wear resistance and fatigue strength are essential. The cobalt and vanadium additions enhance strength and hardening response compared to standard 18Ni maraging grades, making this variant particularly attractive when maximum performance density is needed despite higher material and processing costs.
This is a duplex stainless steel with elevated cobalt and silicon content alongside chromium and nickel, representing a modified composition within the duplex family. The material is designed for high-strength applications requiring corrosion resistance, with the dual-phase microstructure (austenite + ferrite) providing a balance of strength and toughness that distinguishes it from single-phase austenitic or ferritic stainless steels. Industrial applications include chemical processing equipment, pressure vessels, and marine/offshore structures where both corrosion resistance and load-bearing capacity are critical; the elevated cobalt addition suggests potential use in specialty tooling or high-temperature service environments where enhanced hardness or wear resistance is needed alongside corrosion protection.